NLP Glossary
The knowledge base of NLP comprises information from many different sources. Some of the definitions such as those developed by Richard Bandler use simple language such as 'swish pattern', while other definitions, such as those from a more academic source, use more formal sounding definitions such as 'Complex Equivalence'. There are are also definitions of various NLP language patterns some of which are covered in more details in the section on the NLP Milton Model.
Within this NLP glossary, I have tried to include any phrase that you may come across in an NLP training or manual, along with any NLP language patterns that you are unlikely to have come across without any former training.
A
Accessing Cues
Specific unconscious actions, including physical movements, eye movements, breathing pattern changes, and gestures that indicate which modality is being accessed.
Analogue
Related to Digital. In NLP, the word analogue is used to describe submodalities that have a continuous variability, rather than digital submodalities which are either 'on' or 'off. i.e. brightness is analogue; association is digital.
Analogue Marking
The process of using an action, gesture, or tone of voice to mark out specific words within a sentence. A hypnotist may raise their eyebrow or lower their voice to mark out embedded commands within their speech.
Anchor
A sound, touch, smell, taste, or sight that brings up a specific memory or feeling.
Anchoring
The process of setting an anchor (usually on another person) connected to a specific memory and/or feeling so that it can be re-accessed later.
'As If' Frame
To act as if something is possible, or as if an event has happened, to enable someone to access resources that would be available were it true.
Associated/Association
When someone visualizes a image as if they are seeing it through their own eyes. In contrast to disassociated.
Auditory
The Sensory Modality related to the sense of hearing.
B
Behavior
The specific physical actions through which we interact with our environment.
Behavioral Flexibility
The ability to adjust your behavior to get the outcome you want.
Belief
Generalization about the causes, meaning, and boundaries concerning our selves, our capabilities, and the world around us.
Blow-out
An NLP technique based around submodalities where the submodalities are exaggerated rather than reduced to lessen an effect. The swish pattern is described fully within the exercise on this site.
Break State
To purposefully interrupt a clients state during a series of interventions to ensure that each stage of an exercise is run through cleanly. Also used to move a client from a negative state.
C
Calibration
The process of reading or tuning in to another person.
Capability
The ability to perform a specific behavior successfully.
Chunking
Viewing an event by moving up or down levels. Moving up leads to a more abstract view, moving down to a more concrete view.
Complex Equivalence
A statement where someone links together two events as if they are related (usually cause and effect). i.e. He forgot my birthday. He doesn't love me.
Congruence
The opposite of Incongruence. Congruence occurs when a persons behaviors, beliefs, strategies and values are in alignment.
Conscious
Awareness of the current moment.
Content
The details of an event, such as the what and where.
Content Reframing
Changing the meaning of an event. Often performed with the question - what else could this mean?
Context
Defines the framework within which a particular event occurs.
Conversational Postulate
A question that is interpreted as a command. For instance 'Can you close the door' doesn't usually get the response 'yes', it provokes the action of closing the door. This is an element of hypnotic language from the Milton Model.
Criteria
The values a person uses to make a decision, or what is most important to them.
Critical Submodality
The submodality that has the strongest effect when changed. i.e. During a visual swish, it may be noticed that changing the brightness has the strongest effect on the feelings associated with the memory.
Cross-Over Mirroring
Matching another's behavior indirectly. For instance, rather than matching their breathing, you could move your hand in time with their breathing.
D
Deep Structure
The sensory maps that define how people behave in different situations.
Deletion
Information missing from an experience. Deletions are often targeted by practitioners during therapy sessions via the meta-model.
Digital
Related to Analogue. In NLP the word digital is used to describe submodalities that are either on or off, rather than analogue submodalities which are continuously variable. i.e. brightness is analogue, association is digital.
Disassociated/Disassociation
When someone visualizes a image as if they are watching themselves. In contrast to associated. Disassociation is one of the key elements of the NLP Fast Phobia Cure.
E
Ecology
In NLP ecology refers to the concept that a change should not have a negative effect on the individual, the people that are important to them, and other elements of their life. i.e. a change that has a positive effect on someone's motivation to work, may be unecological in respect to their family life.
Embedded Command
A command hidden in a normal conversation, but delivered so as to get the required response. Embedded commands are often marked out through analogue marking.
Environment
Outside of ourselves. All our behaviors take place within this context.
Elicitation
The process of gathering information, using used prior to performing an NLP Intervention.
Eye-Accessing Cues
Movements of the eyes that signify the kind of internal processing that is being performed. At its most basic eye-accessing cues can show whether a person is accessing an image, internal voice, sound, or feeling.
F
First Position
Visualizing a situation through your own eyes. See Second and Third Position.
Flexibility
Having more than one possible response to a situation.
Four tuple
Describing the structure of an experience using the four main representational systems (Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic, Olfactory/Gustatory).
Future Pacing
Practicing/Visualizing a future event with a specific resource to enable a person to react using that resource when the future event occurs.
G
Generalization
The way in which one specific experience is used to define a whole class of experiences for an individual. For instance once I have learnt to open one specific door, I do not learn how to open every other door - I generalize the experience to other doors.
Gustatory
The Sensory Modality related to the sense of taste.
I
Identity
The sense of who we are, including our behaviors, beliefs, and capabilities.
Incongruence
Incongruence occurs when someone's behaviors and goals are in conflict. Such as if someone is acting confident and outgoing, but internally they want to run away.
Installation
The process of embedding a new strategy, behavior, or belief using any NLP techniques.
Intention
The goal related to a specific behavior. In NLP, the intention of all behaviors is assumed to be positive.
K
Kinesthetic
The Sensory Modality related to all physical sensations.
L
Leading
When your rapport with someone is good, it is possible to change you behavior and have them follow. For instance, if you have matched their breathing and then change your breathing rate and they follow, that is leading.
Logical Levels
An internal hierarchy that decide a persons behavior. The higher logical levels tending to override the lower ones. These levels include identity, beliefs, capabilities, behavior, and environment.
M
Matching
See Pacing.
Meta-Model
A model based around a series of questions to help guide a practitioner towards a clients model of the world and the events deep structure.
Meta-Program
Programs by which a person makes decisions, sorts and filters what they pay attention to.
Metaphor
Using analogies such as stories to talk about a situation.
Milton Model
Often considered to be the opposite of the meta-model, the Milton model is as way of using purposefully vague language to lead a persons experience.
Mirroring
See Pacing.
Mismatching
Purposefully changing your behavior to break rapport.
Model of the World
Map of a persons experience.
Modeling
The process of studying the way in which a person achieves a goal and uses a skill, so that the skill can be taught to others.
N
Neuro-linguistic Programming (NLP)
Defined as the study of subjective experience, NLP is a behavioral model that provides a series of tools and techniques through studying excellence. NLP was originally developed by Richard Bandler and John Grinder.
Negative Command
A command stated in the negative, that due to the way the unconscious mind processes negation with have the opposite effect. i.e. Don't think of green.
New Code NLP
A specific NLP methodology developed by John Grinder. See "What is New Code NLP?" for a description.
Nominalization
Used in hypnotic language this is the process of turning a verb into a noun.
O
Olfactory
The Sensory Modality related to the sense of smell.
Outcome
A Goal that someone wishes to achieve. Outcomes should meet the Well-Formed Conditions.
P
Pacing
Also known as mirroring.
Pacing is matching someone's behavior, breathing, posture and language to gain rapport.
Parts
A way of talking about different programs of behavior or strategies.
i.e. One part of a client wants to go out and meet someone, but another part is scared of being rejected, so the parts are in conflict.
Position / Perceptional Position
A specific point of view or perspective. In NLP there are three positions:
Phonological Ambiguity
Words that sound the same but have different meanings. For example - no and know, as in 'I think you've had this problem long enough - No/Know more'.
Predicates
Words used to describe events. In NLP these are used to identify which representational system is being used. i.e. 'that sounds right to me' implies the auditory representational system.
Preferred Representational System
The representational system that someone relies on the most, or is their most developed.
Presupposition
Anything that must be assumed for a statement to make sense. For instance in the sentence 'The cat sat on the mat', we must assume that there is a cat, a mat, and it is possible for a cat to sit on a mat. In hypnosis, the hypnotist will often presuppose something necessary for the required change to occur. i.e. 'I don't know whether you're going to relax now or in a few moments' assumes that the client will relax.
Punctuation Ambiguity
Usually punctuation ambiguity occurs when two sentences are merged together. For instance the sentence 'I want you to remember a time when you could relax deeply now into a comfortable state of mind'.
Q
Quotes
A language pattern whereby a message is delivered as if another person said it (i.e. in quotes), thus distancing the speaker from the message.
e.g. Some people might say that that 'you're being selfish'.
R
Rapport
Being in alignment with another person, promoting trust. This may be through body matching, breathing, or attitudes and beliefs.
Reframing
An NLP process whereby the Positive Intention is separated from a behavior, so that the intention can be connected to a new behavior and therefore achieved in a new and ecological way without any negative effect.
Representational Systems
The five senses.
Representational System Primacy
See Preferred Representational System.
Requisite Variety
From Systems-theory, this is the idea that within any system, the element with the most flexibility of behavior will control the system.
Resource State
A state that is action-orientated and positive.
S
Second Position
The process of visualizing a situation from the point of view of the person who you are interacting with. See First, and Third Position.
Secondary Gain
When a negative behavior has a positive function.
For instance lacking the confidence to go out and meet people provides the positive function of avoiding being rejected. Richard Bandler mentions in one of his books the story of a women who would not lose weight because she was scared that if she lost weight men would be attracted to her and she did not trust herself not to cheat on her husband. The secondary gain of her staying overweight was that it kept her marriage safe.
Sensory Acuity
The ability to notice tiny differences in sensory inputs, usually referring to slight changes in a clients responses and how they access memories/states.
Sensory Modalities
The five senses though which we perceive the world around us.
Sensory-Based Description
Describing an event through the senses.
State
The physiology and neurology of a specific action or behavior.
Strategy
The set of steps carried out to reach a particular outcome. In NLP this usually refers to the representational systems accessed used to reach the outcome.
Submodalities/Sub-modalities
Specific attributes related to individual Sensory Modalities. Within the Visual modality there are submodalities such as brightness and association. Within the auditory modality there are loudness, timbre etc.
Surface Structure
The words used to describe an event.
Swish Pattern
A simple submodality technique used to change how someone responds to a specific event. The swish pattern is described fully within the NLP Swish Pattern technique on this site.
Synesthesia
Synesthesia occurs when there is an overlap between sensory modalities, such as when a taste is experienced as having a particular color.
Syntactic Ambiguity
From the milton-model, a statement which is ambiguous as to the subject a verb or adjective applies to. For instance, in the statement 'They were charming men and women' - are they charming men and charming women, or charming men and non-charming women.
T
Third Position
Visualizing a situation as if viewing from the outside. See First, and Second Position.
Time line
The structure through which a person unconsciously organizes time. The timeline is usually visualized as a line with images placed along it.
TOTE
Test-Operate-Test-Exit - this describes the feedback loop inherent in all decision making.
Transderivational Search
The process by which someone goes back through their memories to find a particular memory or state.
Translating
Changing words from one representational state to another.
Triple Description
Considering an event from first, second, and third position.
U
Unconscious
Thoughts not in conscious awareness.
Utilization
A method whereby a specific strategy or behavior is matched, in order to influence the persons response.
V
Values
See Criteria.
Visual
The Sensory Modality related to the sense of sight.
W
Well-Formed Condition
Well-formed conditions, are the conditions that must be met for a goal to have a successful outcome.
The goal must be:
- Stated in the positive
- Initiated and maintained by the individual
- Evaluated using sensory based evidence
- Specific as to who, where and when
- Ecological for the individual, their family, friends, and business
- Preserve the current positive state of the individual